Tradition theory and Expressive Theory

Fruitful dialogue on writing and learning was hampered not only by divisions between progressive educators and the traditional disciplines but also by a split within progressive education itself.Two stereotypes of progressive education grew up in the 1920s and 1930s and captured, in a sense, the profound tension within the movement's approach to writing, a tension that prevented Deweyan progressives from developing a coherent and persuasive substitute to the writing pedagogies of social efficiency and liberal culture.First, there was the progressive as Bohemian, the self-absorbed individualist teaching children to inscribe avant-garde poetry under a tree while they neglected their spelling. subsequently, there was the progressive as parlor-pink radical, teaching children to write dissident tracts while they neglected their spelling. To those who had read their Dewey, both were gross caricatures of his philosophy and methods.Yet these stereotypes of progressive writing instruction poi nt to the deep division in progressive thought between those who emphasized writing (and education) as a vehicle for individual self-revelation and development and those who emphasized its uses for social reconstruction and improvement.Clearly the two are not contrary, as Dewey's educational philosophy adequately demonstrated, but in the highly charged political atmosphere of the interbellum era, details of Deweyan doctrine were often lost and, in the process, so was the prospective for a rational progressive approach to writing in the disciplines.Maxine Hairston argued for a paradigm shift in the teaching of writing in her â€Å"The Winds of Change: Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing.† She argued that the new paradigm must focus on the writing process, a process that involves the involvement of readers in students' writing during that process. She also argued that students benefit â€Å"far more from small group meetings with each other than from the exhausting oneto-one conferences that the teachers hold† (17).Clearly, the process manner of teaching writing involves reader involvement by students in the writing of their classmates. But how thriving has that intervention been in the writing that students produce? Since this part of the paradigm is as significant to teaching writing as a process, we require having some idea as to how well it has worked.Another important influence on the promising writing process movement was the Dartmouth conference of 1966, a meeting of more or less 50 English teachers from the United States and Great Britain to consider common writing problems. What emerged from the symposium was the awareness that considerable differences existed between the two countries on how instruction in English was viewed.In the United States, English was considered of as an academic discipline with specific content to be mastered, whereas the British focused on the personal and linguistic growth of the child (App leby, 1974, p. 229). Instead of focusing on content, â€Å"process or activity†¦defined the English curriculum for the British teacher† (Appleby, 1974, p. 230)) its purpose being to encourage the personal development of the student.As Berlin (1990) noted, â€Å"The result of the Dartmouth Conference was to reassert for U. S. teachers the value of the expressive model of writing. Writing is to be pursued in a free and encouraging environment in which the student is encouraged to employ in an act of self discovery† (p. 210). This emphasis on the personal and private nature of composing was also marked in the recommendations of Ken Macrorie, Donald Murray, Walter Gibson, and Peter Elbow.One perspective that gained distinction during the early days of the process movement was that the writing process consisted a series of sequenced, discreet stages sometimes called â€Å"planning, drafting, and revising, † though today they are often referred to as â€Å"prewr iting, writing, and rewriting. † An article by Gordon Rohman (1965))

Csr Toyota

Assignment 1 / Essay Assignment question: It is sometime suggested that CSR activities are increasing strategic in that it affects that core business of the firm and its growth, profitability and survival? Drawing on an example of a corporation/company (National/ International), discuss this in the context of business strategies, in particular on the issues of competitive advantage and firm performance. Introduction In this essay, we will discuss why organizations began CSR and how it is or can be or why should it be implemented. CSR usually get started off either as an integral part of the business strategy or corporate identity, or it can be used as a defensive policy, with the latter being used more often by companies targeted by activists. Rationale for CSR implementation is based on either a moral, a rational, or an economic argument (Werther & Chandler, 2006). Campbell (2007) which is a representative of a group of studies that create testable propositions related to the conditions under which organizations will move toward CSR. Studies show that corporations’ level of social responsibility as being influenced by factors such as financial conditions of the firm, health of the economy, and well-enforced state regulations. Reason why companies take on CSR is also being discussed in the literature in terms of the specific initiatives under which CSR may fall. Ways of describing these rationales varies, from the more skeptical view of cause-related marketing to a more generous attribution of genuine socially responsible business practices (Kotler & Lee, 2005). To ascertain how CSR is implemented in organizations, some researchers uses a developmental framework to show change in awareness, strategy, and action over time, and posits stages of CSR from elementary to transforming (e. g. , Mirvis & Googins, 2006). Jackson and Nelson (2004) take more of a how-to approach, offering a principle-based framework for mastering what they call the â€Å"new rules of the game. † Examples of principles include harnessing innovation for the public good, putting people at the center, and spreading economic opportunity where in this essay will discuss on how Toyota Motor Corporation applies this. CSR of Toyota Motor Corporation Many companies have established their corporate identities using branding through CSR, which has eventually becoming a focal point of their success and competitive advantage (Werther & Chandler, 2006). Toyota Motor Corporation recognizes corporate social responsibilities and emphasis on safety, the environment and education to offer to people the tools needed to make a difference to help and protect the environment. The company operates under the guidance of a global earth charter that promotes environmental responsibility throughout the organization worldwide. Toyota becomes the leader in leading the industry to lower emissions and improving fuel economy vehicles. Not only did Toyota create the world's first mass-production gas/electric hybrid car, they are also working ahead in the development of future fuel cell vehicles. (Toyota. com 2011) Toyota Motor Corporation’s commitment to preserving the environment doesn’t stop at just their vehicles. Two of their manufacturing plants have been designated as zero landfill producing operations. Green† complex in California has one of the largest commercial solar panel systems in North America which conserves more than 11 Million gallons of drinking water annually through special pipelines that supply recycled water for cooling and landscaping. (Toyota. com 2011) In addition, contributing to their dedication in environmental preservation, Toyota has also developed strong partnerships with organizations such as The National Arbor Day Foundation and The National Environmental Edu cation ; Training Foundation. The corporation partners with organizations, schools, universities and other businesses to support programs that help make the world a better place. Toyota Motor Corporation has a variety of national programs like Toyota Driving Expectations Safety Program, Toyota Youth For Understanding Summer Exchange Scholarship Program, Toyota International Teacher Program, National Center for Family Literacy, Toyota Community Scholars, United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Internship Program and others. Strategic Models of CSR Strategic planning as opposed to operational planning concerns the general long-term planning of a Toyota Corporation with the aim to gain economic advantages in the competitive market place. Operational planning in contrast incorporates concrete short- or medium-term activities in line with the strategic goals of the company (Wohe 1993: 141). A strategic plan usually consists of an analysis of the firm and its environment, the development of strategic goals and alternative strategies, the assessment, evaluation and selection of strategic alternatives, and the implementation, evaluation and control of the strategies (Grant 2005, Hopfenbeck 1997: 40) in which Toyota Corporation did when they came up with their CSR It has been demonstrated by Porter and Kramer that a strategic approach to CSR can incorporate competitive advantages for Toyota Corporation but even more importantly, it allows for an integrated and effective implementation of CS. Following this argumentation, an inclusive strategic model of CSR was developed combining central ideas of CSR theory with the classical model of strategic planning using narrow view and boarder view. Narrow view On the contrary, supporters of narrow view in CSR claim that Toyota corporations have just one objective- make money. They believe that caring for the environmental, society and other problems are the responsibilities of government and non-profit making organizations sponsored by governments. A bright supporter of the narrow view is as mention in Milton Friedman theory that those who claims that diverting corporations from the chase of profit makes our economic system less effective. Friedman states: â€Å"The stockholders or the customers or the employees could separately spend their own money on the particular action if they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct â€Å"social responsibility,† rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it† ( M. Friedman 1970). Another defender of narrow view in corporate social responsibility is famous economist Adam Smith, whose â€Å"invisible hand† argument states that if every member of society in a free market economy strives to promote his own economic interests they are led to promote the general good. This may be a good argument in other eras of economics, but using this argument to justify for support of the narrow view will reasonably arise criticisms. The hand-of-government argument of the narrow view states that businesses should have no social role other than making oney. According to inept-custodian argument business executives lack    moral and social expertise, and can only make economic decisions. To ask executives to take charge of non-economic responsibilities is equal to putting social welfare in the hands of inept custodians. Broader view Supporter of broader view believe that Toyota Corporation have other obligations apart from pursuing profit because of their great social and economic power, Toyota corporations must carry social responsibility towards society and wider community. Businesses cannot make decisions which are made solely with economic point of view, because Toyota Corporation are interrelated with the whole social system. Business activities have deep implications for society. As a result, society expects Toyota Corporation to pursue other responsibilities as well. A social contract between society and business represents a unstated understanding within society about the proper goals and responsibilities of business. This social contract is an on-going process of negotiation and change. Conclusion This is the basic reason why the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses. The New York Times Magazine (1970) To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest for Toyota Corporation that is a major employer in a small community to devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to improving its government. That may make it easier to attract desirable employees, it may reduce the wage bill or lessen losses from pilferage and sabotage or have other worthwhile effects. Or it may be that, given the laws about the deductibility of corporate charitable contributions, the stockholders can contribute more to charities they favor by having the corporation make the gift than by doing it themselves, since they can in that way contribute an amount that would otherwise have been paid as corporate taxes. The New York Times Magazine (1970) There are many different views regarding corporate social responsibility. Some people defend â€Å"broader view† saying that corporations should contribute back to society from their profits they make by selling their products and services to the members of that society. Others defend â€Å"narrow view† justifying they stand by claiming that executives are not moral agents and it would be a mistake to include to the scope of their responsibilities to care about nature, wider community and society in general. My personal view is that profit maximization should not be the only objective of any business corporations. Every company uses resources to manufacture its products or bring its services. These resources include land, human resources, and other resources from nature including gas, water, oil, etc. The fees the companies pay for these resources when obtaining them are insignificant if one compares them with the huge amount of profits companies make when manufacturing products using these resources. Corporations must, therefore, contribute part of their earnings to society and environment as a way of paying back, even if they have paid when obtaining resources. Thus, I agree to â€Å"broader view† in Corporate Social Responsibility and Toyota Motor Corporation is justly and generously contributing to environment and the society and considered a model corporation fulfilling its corporate responsibilities. Referencing Alessia D'Amato, 2009. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Business: A Guide to Leadership Tasks and Functions. Edition. Center for Creative Leadership. Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, 946–967. Grant, Robert M. (2005): Contemporary Strategic Analysis, 5. ed. Malden, Oxford, Carlton Hopfenbeck, Waldemar (1997): Allgemeine Betriebswirtschafts- und Managementlehre: Das Unternehmen im Spannungsfeld z Jackson, I. A. , & Nelson, J. (2004). Profits with principles: Seven strategies for delivering value with values. New York: Doubleday. Kotler, P. , & Lee, N. (2005). Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Mirvis, P. , & Googins, B. K. (2006). Stages of corporate citizenship: A developmental framework [Monograph]. Chestnut Hill, MA: The Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship. The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Copyright @ 1970 by The New York Times Company. Werther, W. B. , Jr. , & Chandler, D. A. (2006). Strategic corporate social responsibility. New York: Sage Publications.

Dramaturgical Analysis Essay

In life we all act differently depending on who we are with and the situation at hand. In almost every situation we act in a different way, with our friends in public, with our family members at home, with coworkers, and most importantly our boss in a work environment. Depending on who we are with you could say our personality changes. As humans we know how to act in every situation, at work you would dress more formal, whereas going out with a group of friends you would dress more causal. Along with our looks changing, we also change our behaviors, the way we talk, sit, the tone of your voice, etc. At a doctor’s office, the receptionist must play a defined role. She has to act polite, caring, professional, and must remain discreet about her patient’s information and conditions. The receptionist is 27 year old Hispanic woman, she works at the doctor’s office from 8 am to 5 pm. She is acting in a professional manner, well maintained, dressed in scrubs with closed toe shoes. I would describe the receptionist as upper middle class social status. The receptionist sits at her front desk in the middle of the doctor’s office and greets all the patients. She is in charge of all the paper work, appointments, and all the patient’s charts. While analyzing the receptionist in her work environment I noticed many front stage behaviors and backstage behaviors (concepts used to describe the relationship between the roles actors play at a given moment and the various audiences these roles involve). For example, she would talk to almost everyone with respect, especially her patients and boss. Then when no one was around, I noticed that she was very rude to her coworkers. By looking at her coworkers facial expressions it was obvious to see they didn’t like the receptionist. When the boss was around the receptionist would act very professional and caring towards everyone. Right when he would leave the room she would start doing different things that I’m sure wasn’t involved with her job. I noticed she was on her cell phone a lot, texting and talking in a very rude way to people and mostly about her personal problems, even though she was supposed to be working and taking care of her patients. When the boss would walk into the room she would quickly hide her cell phone and act as if she is working. The receptionist never noticed that I was observing her every move therefore I was able to see her front stage and backstage behavior. We all have these behaviors, but I was shocked to see that this receptionist showed both her personality sides at a professional working environment. Using an approach, like dramaturgy, helped me to analyze social interaction in a more interesting and complex way. If I had been just simply observing the receptionist I would have never payed attention to her backstage behavior. By using a dramaturgical approach I noticed how her personality would change depending on if the boss was in the room or not. This approach provides us with a deeper understanding on how humans think and act. In life most of us only show our good side to people especially at work, therefore I was surprised to have been able to see the receptionist rude side. I think if the receptionist had known that I was observing her she would have acted only in front stage behavior. This assignment was very beneficial to me it helped me to take a deeper look at what microsociologists do. Now I have a different perspective on how people act. I knew that humans act differently in public than they do in private but I had never seen it happen in real life which made this assignment so much more interesting to me. I think it is really important to know how to act in every situation. Some people do not understand that a work environment needs to remain professional whereas going out with your friends can be more social and personal. Overall I enjoyed this assignment because it opened up my mind to bigger ideas. It made me think if a person can act like this in work environment imagine how they act with friends, people they like, and just imagine seeing people they don’t like in public. It made me think that if the receptionist wasn’t scared to talk rudely to her coworkers in the office imagine how she would act if she saw them in public. From now on I think I will always be using the dramaturgical approach because it provides us with a richer meaning and deeper understanding of human behavior.

Athenian Democracy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Athenian Democracy Paper - Essay Example Hence, the people had no say or no choices regarding the laws made for them and were forced to follow what was laid out for them by the autocratic leadership. However, democracy is a different branch of leadership, which aims to account for the opinions and needs of the people that the laws are being made for and they do not give the leader the right to oppress the people in any way. The leader or so-called government is answerable to the public regarding the laws, policies, and procedures taken. While this form of leadership seems just and fair, it has been in existence for a long time (Tharley, 1996, pp. 32-36). â€Å"Democracy† is a word taken from the Greek language and refers to a system of being â€Å"ruled by the people†. This system originated in Athens, Greece and has been prevalent for approximately 2500 years now. Before this time, people were ruled according to other systems for a period of approximately 4000 years. Hence, democracy has not been perfected ye t as regards to other systems as it is relatively newer than the previous forms of rule (Tharley, 1996, pp. 26-28). However, Athenian democracy had its advantages and disadvantages while it prevailed as a system. Beginning in approximately the 5th century B.C., democracy has been practiced in varying forms and with different levels of thoroughness and understanding. However, it was regarded as one of the best systems till date (Laurex, 2006, pp. 167-168). The Athenians thought that the people should be given free will to express their ideas and this was carried out on a ten-day basis in an Assembly that constituted of all the male adults over the age of eighteen. The system was efficient and fair as all citizens were given equal rights to vote and common people were making laws for themselves. Another advantage was that were no protocols or extravagant arrangements made for elections or prolonged campaigns. Money was not wasted in this manner and ordinary people of the land got toge ther and collectively decided upon laws for the whole land (Jones, 1953, p. 16). This was a reasonably good system and it worked well with the Athenians. The main reason for the continuous success of this system was the morality and righteousness of the citizens. Extremes were absolutely avoided in politics and the very first lawgiver of Athens believed in promoting the â€Å"greater good† which meant that all decisions were taken to benefit society as a whole instead of focusing upon individual goals. This feeling or phenomenon is greatly missing in society today and this notion is not prevalent in today’s politicians who are mainly seeking to promote selfish goals and their own individual benefits. The greater good for the benefit of society is missing and as society may want to play a role in their own governmental activities, they are not given active participation or due say in today’s democracy (Jones, 1953, pp. 13-14). However, looking at the Athenian sys tem from a modern perspective, it can be said that while the system was fair in most regards and encouraged equal participation regardless of status, caste, or any other means of discrimination, it was biased against females. Females were not given due recognition if any at all in the Athenian system of democracy as mainly all the males over the age of eighteen were elected to assemblies and were given the opportunity to vote and make laws for everyone in the land.

Philosophy of Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of Teaching - Essay Example Progressive education, the philosophy that education needs to reflect the fact that humans are social animals and learn best through social activities, contradicts student self-directedness. This thought leads one to conclude that interactivity between student and learning material is necessary for a proper education. Rather than lecture with displays, children learn best by using their five senses, motor skill coordination, and spatial refinement. This can only happen when the children feel that they are in control of their classroom environment. Children learn best through trial and error; therefore, giving them tasks to complete and learn from their errors is vastly superior to simply giving them the right answer at finish. In many ways, the most effective way of teaching children is to give the student hands-on experience with the lesson. Getting the children active and engaged is a matter of doing activities that hold the student’s attention. By doing these specialized ac tivities, students develop the will and ability to have their own thoughts: thinking and doing independently and apart from an obtrusive teacher. This philosophy of learning accompanies a complementary philosophy of pedagogy. Because students and children in general are capable of self-directed learning, the ideal teacher is not so much a lecturer or an interferer, but rather she is a guide or a director of learning. The teacher does not give facts for rote memorization or lead students into social learning, but rather into the autonomous completing of activities. The teacher simply introduces the materials and lets students teach themselves and others, and helping when necessary. When the teacher feels that the student has mastered the current material, demonstrating this with new skills and knowledge, he or she can introduce new materials and exercises. The proper approach to pedagogy views testing and grades as antithetical to the proper purpose of education as a means of teaching

Managing Day Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Day Care - Essay Example The recommended ratio in most countries is that one adult should be able to care for one child who is an infant as well as up to the age of one year. One adult should take care of five children that range around five years old at one specific time. For the children that are between the ages of 6-9 years, eight of them can be under one care taker at a specific time while those ranging from 10-12 years should not exceed ten under the care of one person at a specific time. It may however be challenging to meet this threshold as the number of personnel may fall short as compared to a large number of kids. (Farrell, 2001: pg 21) 2. Recruitment and Retention: A strategy should be developed to respond to all the issues that involve recruitment and retention of the people that take care of the children in day care. Such kind of strategy should be able to lay the basic foundation that would enable the child care to be in the hands of dedicate and highly qualified personnel that has the best i nterest of the children at heart. The recruitment programs should be able to bring out good qualities of the workforce that has the ability to provide continued support for the children under their care. The recruitment programs should also have the ability to facilitate retention of the up to date work force in their good numbers that is stable and dedicated to meeting the actual needs of the children under their care. The objectives that should be in the forefront for the stakeholders that recruit those who care for these children is that their strategy should be able to implement, after developing the actual strategy to be able to encourage many people who are willing but have a heavy heart to be able to come forward and take day care jobs as well as to implement the strategy to retain the good sense of personnel and workforce that have had all along and who proved their worth. (Fanning, 1991: pg 45) 3. Working with men in childcare: The issue about recruitment of men has been ho tly debated for ages but then again men should have the chance to work as caretakers. This will enable the children grow up with no form of jobs stereotypes and they would be encouraged to embrace gender balance as compared to instances where only women could do this work. Although the percentages of men who are offering themselves for the job are still few, it isn’t as low as it used to be. The men should also undergo same levels of training so as to be able to come up for the job. There should also be public education on giving the male caretaker a chance to do their job without discrimination. (Lindon, 1998: pg 22) 4. The Importance of Policies: After choosing to be an official that works under child care programs, there are certain difficult decisions that we have to make. The decisions involve how to associate with the kinds of policies that are designed to bring sanity to the work of child care centers or programs. For example when there are operating hours that are ser iously set by the managers or the parents, then there are factors that have to be considered such

Case Analysis of Staples, Inc., Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Staples, Inc., - Case Study Example Furthermore, this paper will comprise framing strategy that may help the firm to deal with all the factors in order to achieve its goal efficiently and smoothly (Fred, 2009). Analysis External Factor Evaluation (EFE): EFI is considered to be the strategic administration tool often used by all organization to assess current business condition of the firm. It is considered to be an important process as the end result helps the firm to visualize the threat and select all the opportunities that tends to arise. In accordance to case the EFI of Staple Inc. is stated below: Figure: 1 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) of Staple Inc. On the basis of the above mentioned figure, it can be stated that the factor of low currency value offers an opportunity for the company as the export policies of the government would be modified or directed to increase the foreign currency in the country. Such initiatives of the government would provide the organization with an opportunity to expand its business. The company’s strategy of diversifying its business and creating new products has also offered it with an opportunity to expand its product and service line and effectively meet the needs of discriminating customers. Moreover, the crisis in the economic condition would help the organization in terms of brand awareness as foreign company would be reluctant to invest in such economic condition. Consequently, the organization will be able to attract large base of customers. The factor of the firm size can also be considered as a positive factor as it helps in creating brand awareness as well as it will act as a barrier for new entry of firm (Meredith, Forest & Fred, 2009; Fred, 2009). On the other hand, the increasing competition due to the entry of new firms in the industry has imposed significant threat. The firm is further unable to penetrate into the local market as it is primarily focus on meeting the public needs. Moreover, frequent change in the government policies has s trongly deterred the ability of the organization to expand its business. Another important threat factor includes constant innovation in technology. The rapid advancement in technology has resulted in rapid obsolescence which has further contributed towards increased costs for the organization (Meredith, Forest & Fred, 2009; Fred, 2009). Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE): IFE consists of all the factors that relates directly or indirectly to the organizations functioning. The main motive behind evaluating the internal factor of an organization is to major weakness and the strength that exist in the operating area of a business. The IFE of Staple Inc. is represented below. Figure: 2 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) of Staple Inc. On the basis of the above illustration, i.e. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), it can be asserted that the factor of being one of largest distributor of office goods acts as an opportunity for the firm. Moreover, its stable financial position has also contrib uted towards smooth functioning of its business operations. Additionally, the marketing and advertisement activities executed by the firm have significantly benefited it to attain increased brand awareness and has further facilitated in seeking greater competitiveness. At the same time, large number of retail stores situated at different locations

Peer Influence on Individuals Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer Influence on Individuals Behavior - Essay Example Additionally, studies have indicated that adolescents are more controlled by their peers compared to grown-ups. This increased vulnerability to peer compliance during adolescence has been expressed as an â€Å"emotional way station† that connects the gap between being expressively reliant on parents during babyhood to becoming an expressively independent grown-up (Fadell & Temkow, 2010). Influence from peers and peer choice are corresponding processes that collaborate to generate the adolescent’s social framework. Adolescents obtain friends who are comparable to them and they as well seem to get new friends who are somewhat similar to their old friends. This hemophilic selection process generates stability in the social framework. However, friends might be alike on one trait while being dissimilar on others and are never the same to the adolescent. These disparities generate opportunities for adolescents to influence the behavior of each other. In consequence of this influence, adolescents might alter their approaches or behaviors. Consequently, prospect friendship selection might reflect this change. Thus, the adolescent social framework is best considered as being dynamic where choice and influence collaborate to generate both stability and change for the adolescent (Luo, et al., 2003). Peer groups regularly institute unspecified standards for their members behavior that differentiate them from other peer groups. For instance, most high schools have groups of solemn students, musicians, insurgents, athletes, outsiders and collectively oriented or admired students. These groups form an esteemed chain of command since they have diverse statuses. The well-liked crowd, differentiated by luxurious clothing and striking physical appearance, are frequently the peer groups in the highest class. Adolescent’s confidence can be affected by how they perceive the grade of their individual peer group as compared to other groups. Grown-ups occasionally reproach

The Effects of Lead Contamination on Fetal Brain Development Essay

The Effects of Lead Contamination on Fetal Brain Development - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that the most common source of lead poisoning in the United States is from paint. Leaded based paint was banned in 1978 many decades after European countries; however, there are many old buildings in need of renovation that still contain lead pipes and paint. Steingraber notes that the effects of lead on the fetus were first observed by women worked in the white lead factories in 1911. The female workers found that once pregnant the disease, plumbism, seemed to be cured. Plumbism refers to the erosion of the brain capillaries from lead and indeed the women would have felt relief once pregnant as then the lead crosses the placenta into the fetus. As the report stresses lead poisoning causes long term, serious defects as it disturbs an enzyme process that produces heme, which is essential for cellular metabolism. Children under three and fetuses are the most susceptible as the brain has not completed the blood-brain barrier. Lead causes hemorrhage and swelling as it destroys the capillaries. The half life of lead in the blood is 35 days, it remains in soft tissue for 40 days and is then stored in the bones for 20 or 30 years. The lead levels may not reflect an accurate count of the total lead in the system as lead is released when calcium declines and soldiers with shrapnel wounds may have resurfacing lead return to the bloodstream. Lead exposure can happen in some unusual ways such as having consumed homemade liquor or moonshine or from chewing on an imported toy.

Is Microsoft a monopoly Essay Example for Free

Is Microsoft a monopoly Essay In order to understand if Microsoft is a monopoly one must first know the definition of a monopoly. A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller of a product that has little or no substitutes. This automatically should arouse many thoughts in the minds of â€Å"us† as consumers. For all these years have we been monopolized by a producer of a product just because there were limited sources in the same fields? Yes and no should be the floating answer. Microsoft for years has been the producer of almost every necessary component associated with our electrical devices. Microsoft is the developer of multiple operating systems or OS that first entered the market in 1981 but did not officially appear until 1984. In 1984, the Applesoft Basic for Apple Computers was introduced by Bill Gates. Due to the fact that the Apple system was first in this technologically advanced field it was set in the direction of being a monopoly. This is the evident sign that lack of other operating systems would set both Bill Gates and Microsoft in a monopolistic state. So if this monopolistic sign was so evident then why wasn’t it stopped by the government? This is a direct form of a government-created monopoly. Government-created monopolies exist because of patents and copyrights. The government has allowed Microsoft to exist because it was seen to be within the best interest of the public. The government does not actually predict whether a producer or firm will be a monopolist, it only allows a firm or producer to own the rights to the specific fields that they want to create. The communications field often has their own set of economical rules which is commonly set at the understanding that every must benefit from the product. Microsoft has often perfected this with their operating systems by staying consistently up to date with the consumer’s way of life. So what exactly allowed Microsoft to become a monopoly? Microsoft (Bill Gates, Steve Ballmer, and Tim Patterson) would create and enforce universal data interaction standards for computer systems. The timing for this was perfect because businesses were in a technological era that the computer was in necessary and high demand. Microsoft became one of the largest monopolies because of their ability to be in almost every market that had use of a computer system. This was a great thing for Microsoft and for users but it was also a bad thing for users as well. Since the market was so unregulated it would allow Microsoft to not produce a quality product. This was allowed because of their monopoly. This monopoly would be out of the control of the government because breaking up the Microsoft Company into little companies would only cause damage to the consumer. In this I mean you the consumer would have to purchase multiple operating systems in order to maintain computer interacting standards. This would not be the best interest of either the government or the consumer. So unfortunately this monopoly would be allowed to carry on its position in the computer operating fields. Just think by chance that the government did break this monopolistic company up? This would allow so many small companies to produce the same product under the same outdated set of rules. So question, if the same set of bendable rules applied what would stop those small broken up companies from becoming a monopoly as well? Exactly nothing. So the government sees it better for consumers to have to deal with one monopoly compared to multiple. A company like Microsoft falls into a classification of a large monopoly. There are many smaller monopolies that go unnoticed. Some of these companies are Nike, Reebok, New Balance, etc. You may hear about some of these companies monopolistic traits, but choose not to pay much attention because they are not as large as a company as Microsoft. Let’s face it we tend to have a thought that they are just brands. Just a thought, when you walk into your local retail store are you looking for a pair of shoes or a certain style of shoe by name (i. e.Nike Jordan’s, Converse All-Stars or commonly known as â€Å"chuck taylors†, Reebok Zigtechs, New Balance 855’s)? These are the monopolies we do not pay much attention too because they are mainly companies that are in deep competition with one another. In order to compete in their respective fields the company must make a shoe or an article of clothing that is unique whether it carries a label or not. So what exactly makes Microsoft a monopoly instead of a competitive market? Since Microsoft is the only producer in the operating system market it has the ability to set and stay with its own price. Microsoft in recent years have gained a few other competitors that are making their way up the ladder with free trial periods or just general free use with things like email, search engines, and even software purchases through computer brands, printers, etc. A common name that we all use on practically a daily basis is Google. Google Inc. has won a growing number of customers for its Google Apps software, a collection of word processing, email, spreadsheet and other tools that are hosted and accessed online. The company is also reportedly preparing an expansion of its solutions marketplace, to sell software to businesses that can augment Apps. When confronted with questions of their products, an all too modest Google made no response. Unlike Microsoft, Google tends to not make broad promises of software updates until they have perfected the process. This is what commonly makes Google a most used search engine. Google also offers Gmail which carries its own form of complete virus software which sets it in a field of its own unlike Yahoo mail that only offers a low version of spyware with a premium account purchase. Other competitive companies that are climbing on the Microsoft ladder are Oracle Corp. and LotusLive iNotes. When Microsoft was confronted if any of these companies were the reason behind the downed sales of their â€Å"Microsoft Office† version they replied with it is unclear if they had a hand in the matter. This is another â€Å"big headed† response because Microsoft does not want to even think at this time that they could possibly have competition. When a monopolistic company is confronted with competition you will usually see a drop in product prices that may or may not go unnoticed. It is my opinion that this competitive edge brought to Microsoft will not go unnoticed. With the growing state of these other companies, I cannot wait until Microsoft has to become a competitive market instead of a monopoly. Another way to tell whether a company is a monopoly or not, is to follow its revenue. Since a company like Microsoft does not have their â€Å"books† out their like public records, we have to follow media theories and articles. When you see an increase in the company revenue this means that their output has went up. This means that they are producing more and making more because the demand has gotten higher. When revenue has dropped then the company has lost money and no longer producing because the demand has dropped. All too commonly you may see a drop in price because the company is wanting to sell their items rather than taking a complete loss on them. The will also set their prices above marginal cost. This will tend to be a seasonal thing because annually they try to place newer products on the market. Now noticing that other companies like Windows, Macintosh, and Linux are in competition with Microsoft is a huge deal to us as the consumer. To Microsoft this is no real big threat because of the huge market share that they own. This allows a monopolistic company to carry on their threat of being the â€Å"big man† on the block. In this I mean that they are allowed to place what seems to be ridiculous price because they do not see the competition as a true competitor. Consumers frequently take notice to this when they are in the market for the produced good of computer systems. Consumers commonly watch for the better deals while taking â€Å"name brand† and â€Å"off brand† into high consideration. Even though Sony may be the better brand, it is possible that Acer could sell more because of the consumers desire to pay less and receive more. This is just the way that things go in a time of economic struggle. The only time that things like this change is if the consumer has a specific desire for a certain brand over the lesser price. So as a monopoly could Microsoft force these other competitive companies out of their market? Yes they could and it has been accused that they have in the past. To include the list of companies that Microsoft has bought out in order to maintain at the top would be completely ridiculous but to name a few would be ok. Microsoft has purchased companies like Skype, Nokia, and of course we all heard of the Microsoft-Apple buy out in order to stop them from sinking. There is a lot of talk about what should be done to the Microsoft Company with the Department of Justice, Attorney General’s, and Microsoft. Many think that breaking the company up would be a mistake while a majority agree that it would also make them list a fairer price and focus on a better product. This in my opinion is not to the judgment of anyone. Is Microsoft wrong for being the best in their business? In my opinion, absolutely not. It is at the decision of the other competitive companies whether to stay in or back out. Many people think that the treatment they receive while purchasing items from the producer is unfair. I would like to disagree because if you need the item bad enough then whatever dollar amount the producer places is the dollar amount the consumer will pay. Take gas for instance, when gas was hitting its record highs two years ago. All I heard were complaints of how ridiculous it was, we should petition, protest, or even not purchase for days. Where were their complaints when they were driving to McDonalds to get a burger instead of cooking at home? People only complain about the abuse that they cannot control. This is the same with items like the personal computer. Everyone wants to complain about the price they paid for their computer but not the eBay items they are purchasing while they use that same computer. This reminds me of a conversation between the course instructor and myself. He asked one time if there was a sale on hamburger at the store but you really wanted steak which would you choose? I replied with I am going to choose steak because it is what I want. I chose this answer because regardless of the price of hamburger if I want steak, then ultimately steak is what I will get. This is my choice. I choose to not complain about the items that I cannot control because at the end of the day I still need it. So in conclusion, if you ask me if Microsoft is a monopoly or not, my answer will still remain yes and no. Yes, because they are the primary holders of operating systems and they are getting filthy rich. No, because they have made themselves the best. If the other companies want to be on top then they need to fight to be on top. But also in the mean time they shouldn’t complain about the actions that Microsoft takes in order to remain the best. References Mankiw, N. G. (2012, 2009). Principles of Microeconomics (Sixth ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Mankiw (2012, 2009) Fisher, G. A. (2000, May 30). Why is Microsoft a Monopoly? Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://www. zaimoni. com/George/MicrosoftMonopoly. htmFisher (2000) South-Western College Publishing (2003). Is Microsoft a Monopoly? Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://www.swcollege. com/bef/policy_debates/microsoft. htmlSouth-Western College Publishing (2003) ThisNation. com (2008). Is Microsoft a monopoly? If so, why does it matter? Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://www. thisnation. com/questions/027. htmlThisNation. com (2008) Albro, E. N. (2007). Eight Years Later, Is Microsoft Still a Monopoly? Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://www. pcworld. com/printable/article/id,139458/printable. htmlAlbro (2007) Jackson, E. Forbes (2012, March 1). Steve Jobs Used Patents to Get Bill Gates to Make 1997 Investment in Apple. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from.

Oligopolistic Market Model and Oil Prices

Oligopolistic Market Model and Oil Prices Executive Summary The report is prepared to explain how oligopolistic market model is the best model to relate to the current increase in the price of Oil. The Oil petroleum Organization is analyzed deeply which clearly depicts the oligopoly style of marketing by the members of OPEC. It has also examined by lot of research and based on recent reports that the OPEC tries to influence the oil prices by controlling the supply of oil production with the consent of all the members and tries to fix the oil prices in order to gain heavy profits. OPEC works on the same rule as followed by oligopoly market structure and hence clearly indicates its relation to each other and is best example of oligopoly market style. 1.0 Introduction The Oligopoly market structure is the market which has few producers and large number of buyers which gives these producers an advantage to control the market. According to (Scholasticus, 2010), the buyers have very less alternatives and do not have enough knowledge about the market. The producers inflate the prices of their goods to attract more customers by reducing prices leading to deflated price level.ÂÂ   Based on Scholastics writing in one of its articles, the producers have perfect knowledge of the consumers but consumers do not have any information about the producers or their act of influencing the prices has a negative effect on national economy. 2.0 Discussion 2.1 Features of Oligopoly Market There are few producers and large number of buyers. The producers deal in differentiated products. (Jayasuriya, 2011, p. 87) One of the producer or firm become the leader of the group and makes others to agree or dominates them to fix the prices which results in price leadership. The competition in an Oligopoly market is intense and both price and non-price methods are used to attract more customers. For example in lot of advertisements, producers mention We will not be beaten on price. The price will be matched with the competitor selling price (Labs S. S.) In Oligopoly market, firms or producers get together to share a market and decide on prices. Because of an uncompetitive market structure, they enjoy heavy profit by raising the prices or lowering the prices to attract more customers resulting in entry barriers to this market. (Labs S. S.) According to recent study by Stanley St Labs., the competition is very different in oligopoly as compared to other markets forms. In other markets, it is violent because of the high competition to gain the market share but in oligopoly, the firms are interested to gain the market share by collaborating to earn heavy profits. Firms are mutually interdependent which means if one firm changes its prices, it will affect the sales of other firms. 2.2 Kinked Style Demand Curve According to (Stewart Rankin, 2008, p. 141), the oligopoly market structures have kinked demand curves and the demand curve for the product has two sections called inelastic and elastic section. demand curve.png Kinked Demand Curve The elasticity of demand depends on the amendments of rival companies price or service output. The assumption made here is that the all the companies would want a considerable market share along with heavy profits: There is no increase of price by one particular firm. This is elastic demand. There would be an adverse impact on the total revenue of the company. In a situation where the rival company reduces it prices in order to maintain its market share, it would be an inelastic demand curve. Due to reduction in prices again, this would impact the total revenue of the company. The Price warsÂÂ  between the firms does not benefit anyone but it benefits the consumers in fact. (ecoteacher) Based on the above graph, we state it faces kinked style demand curve because of these reasons: It shows price rigidity. It controls the market segment. Leader decides the market Price and others agree to it. It results in Mergers/cartels and collusion to control market. Producers decide on prices with the consent of others. It has Horizontal and Vertical Integration. 2.3 Few Industry examples given by Economists teachers society of South Australia are: The grocery market in Australia is oligopoly which is dominated by Woolworths and Coles. They have lot of stores in Australia and have an extensive distribution system across Australia. It is difficult to compete with these firms as it requires huge investment to gain the kind of market share as they have. The Automobile Industry is a form of oligopoly market. The world Oil production market or Oil refining is also another oligopoly dominated by the seven sisters multinational oil companies like BP, Shell, and Exxon. The telecommunications market in Australia was initially aÂÂ  monopoly but as new telecom service providers started operating, it resulted in a group of few giant telecom providers competing for a greater market share. 2.4 INTRODUCTION OF OPEC According to the OPEC Organization, OPEC is the intergovernmental organization (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) consisting of 12 oil producing and exporting countries across America, Asia and Africa continents. The members are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates Venezuela. (About Opec, 2011) A report (OPEC organization, 2011) states that it was formed on September 14, 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq, by five Founder Members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. It was registered with the United Nations Secretariat on November 6, 1962 (UN Resolution No 6363). OPEC organization (2011) indicates their principal objectives as: To develop and maintain the petroleum policies for the Members Countries to safeguard their interests. To ensure the stability of the prices in the international oil markets to eliminate the unnecessary price fluctuations To provide a regular supply of petroleum to the nations while expecting a fair return on the petroleum industry investment. 2.5 OPEC: Oligopolistic market model TheÂÂ  Organisation of Petroleum Exporting CountriesÂÂ  orÂÂ  OPECÂÂ  is an oligopoly market which is dominated by the Arab oil producers as they hold the maximum amount of oil refineries which gives them an opportunity to dominate others and decide on prices. Cartel is another name for an oligopoly of producers of a commodity. (About Opec, 2011) The Members of OPEC tries to influence the world oil prices with the consent of all and they set the production quotas and become an effectiveÂÂ  cartelÂÂ  by restricting the sales. They deeply analyse the current market situation and anticipate future demand and supply to see various fluctuations of prices in the markets. After analysing the market scenario, they decide to raise or lower the oil production as agreed by all the members to maintain price stability and make the oil available for consumption. (corporation, 2003-2011) According to (Oil :Crisis and Collusion, 2011), OPEC was organized with the purpose of manipulating the oil prices by controlling oil supplies to the market. It controls approximately 80% of the worlds oil reserves and 40% of the worlds production among their 12 member states. As discussed earlier, it is dominated by Gulf States who can easily turn the taps on and off when required to influence the market prices. Even when the economy was facing an issue of recession, it did not have any effect on oil industry and were still making heavy profits. Hence, we can say that OPEC does play an important role in making decision of oil supply to the market which may affect the oil prices in a greater extent. The members have larger number of oil reserves and can increase or decrease the production or supply whenever they want. As they very well know that all the developing and developed nations wants oil and has almost become the necessity of life like food in todays lifestyle, so they try to earn as much as they can by controlling the prices with the kind of power they hold in their hands. However, we may say that OPEC has oil reserves and cannot produce more oil as they do not have any more oil reserves as overestimated by us. There can be lot of other reasons as well which may give rise to the oil prices like any commodity price fluctuation due to the demand and supply effect. (Savage, 2008) 2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Oligopoly Market Structure The cost of a service of product in under oligopolistic tend to be lower in comparison to that of a monopolistic firm, but more than a competitive market. There is stability in pricing; however the prices would lead to reduction if any other firm reduces. This will impact the profitability of the companies giving a benefit to the customer. As there are barriers to join oligopolies, it gives the firms cost advantages. This is because they would cater to mass production. Consequently it encourages having highly competitive production processes which than improvises the service delivery. (William Boyes, 2008) 3.0 Conclusion To conclude, we can say that OPEC is an oligopoly form of market structure where few nations who have oil reserves decide on the current production and supply of oil with each other consent which directly influences the price of oil. Hence, oligopolistic market structure model explains the behaviour of oil industry and its effects on the market prices. In a recent report (corporation, 2003-2011) states that United States, Canada, Mexico, Russia and China also produces oil and are expected to reduce the need for gasoline in future through its improved techniques and research and development in other forms of energy which will also reduce the affect of dominance of OPEC on the price of oil.

Essay on Themes and Themewriting :: Expository Essays

Essay on Themes and Themewriting Writing what I want, how I want. Finding my own voice. I could write forever on things I enjoy writing about, but writing about writing it - that's another story. (did you notice how often I used 'writing or write'? maybe those are the words that will hold my paper together. ah - I don't know if anything will hold this together!) I think I must speak first in defense of themewriting. As someone who has been away from structured writing for more than 20 years, I have to admit I enjoyed doing my first research paper last year. And it wasn't easy for me. It seems everyone else in the class thinks it is simple to slap together a theme paper. But I've been writing off the cuff for years and to actually research something and sound intelligent was a challenge. In high school, I was fortunate enough to have great English teachers who let me use my creativity. In seventh grade, I would write plays, bring them to my teacher, and he would let us act them out. It was like that throughout my high school years. (no - I didn't continue writing plays - we out- grew my princess and dragon fluff by ninth grade!) I'm sure we did some themewriting, but I mainly remember writing 'my stuff'. Having that kind of encouragement, I continued writing in that manner. When I had a column in our local paper, I wrote about what I wanted in the way I wanted to. It was an 'Erma Bombeck' type column and I just wrote whatever came to mind every week. I have a tendency to go for the laughs when I write. This paper is supposed to be my own thoughts, but I don't think it is supposed to be funny. That could be tough for me. Now where was I? Oh yes, I was lost as usual!! Hmmmmm, finding my way, finding my way... I'm really upset with myself. I like to write, but this paper has me befuddled. (isn't that a great word!) I guess I need a direction to be comfortable. It must be old age. A person is frightened when trying something unfamiliar, and doing so in this environment is really frightening. I keep thinking that I've always written in the dramatic style. And yet, I need a focus. Maybe what I used to write wasn't as unstructured as I thought.

First Love: Pathway To Adulthood :: essays research papers

First Love: Pathway to Adulthood Love is one of the strongest emotions that a human being can feel. It can arise ever so suddenly, spreading a feeling of warm happiness through every inch of a person; like wildfire spreading through a tree. But as the feelings become more intense, the flame of passion can turn into a blazing fire that burns painfully through every vein. A person's first love is especially powerful because it grows from an innocent, naà ¯ve passion. Such was the case for both Vladimir, in Turgenev's First Love, and Tatyana, in Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. The first experience of unrequited love for Vladimir and Tatyana was filled with these raptures and tribulations, which, although left them broken hearted, gave them the strength and maturity needed to become adults. Throughout the genre of First Love, Vladimir was shown to be completely swooped up in overwhelming emotion for Zinaida. Vladimir was entranced with her beauty from the moment he first saw her, "I gazed at her, and how dear she already was to me , and how near. It seemed to me that I had known her for a long time, and that before her I had known nothing and had not lived†¦. (33)" Vladimir was in love at the first sight of her. He couldn't help himself from becoming infatuated with her because he didn't know the first thing about love. As the genre moves on, Vladimir's feelings for Zinaida became deeper and deeper. Vladimir thought to himself: I felt weary and at peace, but the image of Zinaida still hovered triumphant over my soul, though even this image seemed more tranquil. Like a swan rising from the grasses of the marsh, it stood out from the unlovely shapes which surrounded it, and I, as I fell asleep, in parting for the last time clung to it, in trusting adoration. (48) Vladimir allows himself to become completely wrapped up in Zinaida to the point where it becomes an obsession. He is in love with her so much that he even envisions himself rescuing her, as if from any other man: "I saw a vision of myself saving her from the hands of her enemies: I imagined how, covered with blood, I tore her from the very jaws of some dark dungeon and then died at her feet (71-72)." Vladimir was so lost in love for Zinaida that he fantasized about her in order to make their love seem real. Although Vladimir's obsessive love for Zinaida brought wonderful emotions, it also brought the pain and suffering of jealousy and rejection. The raptures that Vladimir experienced went hand in hand with the

Essay --

One of the central pillars of American history and idealism is the concept of manifest destiny. Which according to the Random House Dictionary is the nineteenth century belief and doctrine of the United States, that it was their God given destiny to expand its territory over North America, thereby enhancing their sovereignty and increasing their political, economic and social influence on the world stage. This term was not created until later in the century, post Lewis and Clark expedition. However it was most certainly one of the main goals of the expedition. Lewis and Clark were not the first group of white men to explore areas of the west, though none were quite as influential or as important to supporting manifest destiny. However these two explorers, Lewis and Clark not only supported manifest density, they also made significant contributions to scientific and cartographical knowledge of the western frontier. Their voyage across the United States stands out from other explorati ons of the west, due to the numerous journals that Lewis and Clark as well as their expedition team wrote in, almost every day. These journals represent first hand records of everything they encountered, thus preserving their journey for hundreds of years to come and allowing for their additions to the scientific community of the United States to be preserved. When Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third President of the United States in 1801, the majority of the population lived within a fifty-mile radius of the Atlantic Ocean, very little was known about the west. Though what was known was grossly outdated information from the French traders as well as British and Spanish explores in the earlier centuries. Jefferson was a vast believer and suppor... ... as set out by President Jefferson there were many. Not only did they alter the face of this rapidly changing country and its imperial struggle for control over North America, more specifically the Pacific Northwest and the Louisiana Territory. It greatly strengthened the United States claims in these areas through numerous peaceful encounters with the indigenous peoples and tribes, which allowed for increased interest in the American commercial front, which was the fur trade. Their expedition also led to an increase in various explorations and exploitations in the direction of the West. The duo also made incredible advancements in the geographic and topographical knowledge of the Upper Missouri, producing various maps as well as notes on the areas they traversed. Which would kick start the net centuries great migration of American people in to the west.

Related Literature of Brand Preferences on Mobile Phones

How to resolve Conflict Conflicts may be solved using three simplified ways: 1. The win-lose method – The protagonist assumes an ether I lose or I win attitude. Explanation: the win-lose method is a kind of method in resolving a problem or case wherein, one party will have the possibility of winning the case or they will lose on the case. 2. The win some–lose some method – One party attempts to get the most of the other using the primary tactical work of bargaining. It is also called as â€Å"compromising stance†. Explanation: the win some-lose some method is a kind of method wherein one party is aggravate because he/she is compromise in a certain problem or case. For example I am a driver. And accidentally my car was bumped in a sari-sari store. The store-owner suggested that I will only pay the damages so that I will not be on jail. Because I am in a compromised position, I should pay the damages so that I will not be jailed.In my part I â€Å"win someà ¢â‚¬  because I will be not jailed anymore but â€Å"lose some† because, I’ve lose some money in paying the damages. 3. The win-win method – A process where both parties attempt to get the sources/causes of disagreement together in the hope of getting a solution that would together benefit them not only as individuals but also as organization. Explanation: the win-win method is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event.

The function of setting in the presentation of Jane Austen’s main concerns in Emma

In Jane Austen's novel Emma, the function of setting is to demonstrate life as it would be in Highbury around the same time as Austen was writing the book (around 1815). The setting mostly refers to the period the is set in story as well as the place, which of course also bears much relevance. However, Jane Austen's main concern in the book was to convey social convention, an aspect of life which would have a major affect on the characters in the story as it did Jane herself, in context to the period it is set. Also the themes of marriage and wealth also tie in with social status in the book as it would be of importance in the early 18th century that it is set in. The character that to help all these themes together as well as Emma herself is Harriet. Not only is the power of status shown by Emma's control over Harriet,( not even by force but Harriet's freewill, as she admires and aspires to Emma)but she also takes the theme of marriage with Emma's mischievous behaviour as she tries to match make Harriet to suitors of seemingly higher class. Harriet also ties in with the education being a parlour boarder at Mrs Goddard's school. We are able to see a glimpse of what education is like as Jane Austen bring s in her description of Mrs Goddard the mistress of a school â€Å"not of seminary, or an establishment†¦but, a real, honest, old-fashioned boarding school†¦where girls may be sent out the way and scramble themselves in to a little education, without any danger of bringing back prodigies† We are shown the kind of education girls would have received at the time, a middle class education. Jane evokes a warm sense to the ides of school though the last line is a little shocking it brings in the real world, a world where contraception were not available and pre-marital sex was still a shameful act in the eyes of society. The â€Å"scramble† for education also shows the type of education the girls may receive. Not a full education but whatever the girls could grasp. In this way we can already see the kin d of education that society of the period were growing up with. However for Emma, a member of higher class this was different, as it is shown, she was educated by Miss Taylor as would all member s of upper class be tutored at home. Through out the novel there are marriage agreements and suitors made and discussions between characters of â€Å"equal marriage† this refers to marrying a person in the story of equal wealth and status. By the end of the novel it seems all characters seem to have found their equal in marriage, with Emma it is the gentlemanly Mr Knightly who if not just equal in status is equal by intellect as is evident through their many long conversations they hold, conversations on a level we never see Emma talk to Harriet with. Harriet also marries Mr Martin who after all turns out to be the right match for her. Though it would seem the message from the writer is that one should marry within ones own status, it is interesting to acknowledge the marriage at the beginning of the book. Miss Taylor, Emma's nanny therefore middle class, marries Mr Weston, of upper class, and there seems to be no evidence of criticism from the writer or characters of their marriage. In fact there are so many occ asions in the book where the couple are described well together and perfectly married it seems they are almost a role model to other married couples at the time. However though there is a happy ending, Jane Austen uses Emma, with her mischief and interfering nature to demonstrate the importance of social class and equal marriage within society at the time. As she takes Harriet and manipulates her feelings towards Mr Elton, the occurrences only reveal the nature of class to us. When Mr Elton realises Harriet has affection for him he is disgusted at the thought of it, even wise Mr Knightly comments on Mr Elton's views as Mr Elton said he would marry richly. This is revealed even further when he turns his attentions on Emma, the richest female in the story. His desire for Emma or rather Emma's money in turn disgusts her, and the feeling is evident and her â€Å"astonishment† shows how unequal she feels her self to him and how superior. An unequal marriage seems the most shocking of all things in the story, as it would in context. However after being rejected Harriet only turns her attentions higher to Mr Knightly, the richest man in Highbury; however the reader does not feel this is arrogance on the part of Miss Smith, believing that he may requite her feelings but the fault of Emma who builds up Harriet's vanity through the book. The importance of marrying for money seems far more important than marrying for love and it is only then when the idea of marrying for love enters Emma' head. The only reason it seems Mr Knightly could marry Harriet would be for love, for Harriet has nothing of possession to offer. Though this idea is introduced, marrying for love, two central characters Emma and Harriet marry into equal relationships, and though they do love their partners, it is the equality that is expressed so importantly. It is simply that Jane Austen has idealised their relationships with their love for their partners and equality both being present to the characters. The marriages contrast to the marriage of Mr Elton and Mrs Elton, as is commented by a character that in marry Mrs Elton, Mr Elton received twenty thousand pounds, an equal marriage but not one for affection to each other. In the novel Jane Austen only shows their judgemental characteristics and superficial attitudes, perhaps the example of a bad marriage, though equal in status? Though the term setting in fiction also applies to period, an important factor in this book the setting, in referral to place is also important. Highbury is a rural environment almost cut off from the world. This small town helps us understand the narrow mindedness of some characters, and also the reason of so little action. The central action to the story is conversation, the lack of action means that to keep the reader entertained Jane Austen had create something else to keep the readers interest. Through such detailed language and description we receive such vivid characters and receive a lot information from their speech and others speech about them. This also ties in with the period as presentation of a person would be very important and so what you say was also important, this is reproduced in Emma, as everything each character says reveals something about them. Also by setting the story in a remote rural area there can be more attention to new characters that enter the life of Emma. The conversation and excitement created by the awaited arrival of Frank Churchill creates a lot of excitement between characters in the book as it is not often visitors would come. Importance is added on this figure as he is a bachelor of Emma's age and so expectations of the reader and other characters are raised. Therefore in the setting of Emma, Jane Austen's main concern with period was to show the social convention of the time, the way it affected marriage and also the importance of marriage in the context of the story. Jane uses Emma and Emma's treatement and views of other characters to show the three main themes of money, status, and marriage within the 18th century period it was set.

Civil War Research Paper

Whatever the case maybe, there is no one reason why men and now woman enlist in their nation's army when war is upon them. In analyzing the Civil War, many explanations exist why Southern men were willing to fight their own brothers and sisters of the North in efforts to defend their way of life. The same can be said for the North, why they felt the need to sacrifice many of their own lives and take the lives of their brothers and sisters of the South's to restore the Union. There are multiple reasons why Northerners and Southerners took up arms against each other in the Civil War, and they varied from individual to individual.It is a well known fact that Abraham Lincoln (the president of united States urine late 1 ass's) effort and his influence ended up in slavery abolition through our United States. To believe that northern states won the civil war because there army was the last to stand is correct, but there were other major reasons for their victory, in it incorrect to say Nort h won because its army standing last in the battlefield is the main reason for their victory. In fact their army to be last in the battle field was also a result of one of these key reasons for their victory itself which were established long before the civil war.Lincoln decisions were against traditional values. He choose to immobile the resources of the Union to enhance the power not only to the federal government but to also form a class of capitalist entrepreneurs. The South at this time suffered economic distress, the North went into war at a time of prosperity. This nourished the profits of industry and economy flourished. New England mills supplied the army with materials such as uniforms, blankets. While Pennsylvania coal and iron workers rapidly expanded their production. Merchant industries produced boots, shoes and meatpacking to supply the army needs.Agriculture also flourished due to litigation moving westward, with machinery and immigrants replacing labor. One of the v ital reasons for Northern States in the civil war success was their influence all over United States. The impact started in early sass's long before the civil war when the united States developed (in the north) a strong industrialized economic nation. More and improved technology required less labor which decreased its dependency on slaves. Even the farming was now based on technologies like tractors which required less labor work.Which describes the situation in the sass's as increased industrialization. Steam rower, advanced interchangeable parts, assembly lines, and mass production contributed to the expansion of factory industry and Agriculture, mining, and manufacturing expanded because of more rail transport. The above mentioned quotes described the change in system of work through Industrialization which even covered the Plantation and Agriculture, thus ultimately lessening the dependency on slaves. The war benefited the north dramatically.Abraham Lincoln in 1860 tried to be neutral in the slavery issue. He had no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. He believed he had no lawful right to do so, and no inclination to do so. The intentions Of Abraham Lincoln to get neutral people on the slavery issue on his side. So we get the idea that post war Abraham Lincoln tried to bring his influence on people. This created new tensions amongst the southerners and Northerners and lead to changing in people's sentiments into the northern favor.Abraham Lincoln gained the sympathy of the people since they pushed negotiations till the end. The North coalesced behind the Union cause after the attack on Fort Sumter. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1 860, six southern states chose to withdraw from the Union. Last-minute efforts at compromise, like the proposal failed, and Confederate forces fired on federal troops at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. The situation in the Fort Sumter and states that Union pushed for last minutes talks which failed. For many Northern women, the civil war gave women new opportunity's.They took advantage of the wartime labor shortage to move into jobs in factories and into certain largely male professions, particularly nursing. The expansion of the national government also opened new jobs such as clerks in overspent office's. Only retail sales, government jobs, retail sales, and nursing were permanent in the workplace. With women taking part in these new opportunity's they took a direct part in the military campaigns. Which empowered the North in regards to the United States Sanitary Commission emerged as a centralized national relief agency to coordinate donations on the northern home front.The North prevailed over the South due to major reasons which included the insufficient supplies, insufficient troop numbers (not so bad in the beginning, but desertion and lack of fresh manpower meant the South could not replace asses and every battle wo n or lost, brought them closer to the end). Politics and bad General Officers (General Brannon Bragg probably the best example. Jefferson Davis is ultimately to blame here). Some ways that the South was successful in the beginning were following up early victories (like Shiloh) and breaking the will of the north early on while the South was fresh, relatively well supplied and had high morale.The South had a limited amount of time before the above factors would wear her down. Lee had a golden opportunity at Gettysburg and threw it all away. The death of Stonewall Jackson was the ingle biggest blow. Even so, had southern commanders been more aggressive on Day's 1 and 2, the tactical positions would not have gone to the Union and Lee would have pushed them right off the field. Still†¦ Pickets charge was a foolish decision and completely unnecessary. Lee should have simply picked up and move around the union troops and either picked another field or marched on Washington itself.Lee might have ended the war with such a siege without having to take Washington. As it was, those in D. C. Acted like the rebels were outside the gates and were in a panic. Even if the only thing Lee did was march through the north, he would have been using Northern supplies and making the northern armies follow him around, while instilling dread throughout the north. Had he followed Sherman â€Å"Total War† principle in the north, Lee would be as infamous as Hitler, but the South would be its own country.As General Alongshore later put it, â€Å"We should have freed the slaves first and then fired on Fort Sumter†. If the South had freed the slaves at any point prior to Lincoln emancipation, the south would have had an infinitely better shot at European assistance. A few more early victories. The south was making a serious bid for English and French assistance and they darn near had it. Both were looking for just a little bit more proof that the south had a real chance a nd French and English support would have ended the naval blockade as well as the supply shortage.They just wanted to be sure they were backing the eventual winner. The loss at Gettysburg and ultimately, the emancipation ended this as a real possibility. Stopping Sherman before he reached Atlanta. Despite fighting a losing war, the south was wearing down the will of northern civilians. The south had far more victories than they were expected to have, the casualty tolls were far higher and Lee continued to outnumber the Northern commanders until late in the war. After years of fighting, Lincoln was himself sure of defeat absent a miracle.Had Jefferson Davis and a few southern generals gotten their act together and fought with this goal in mind, they may have pushed Sherman back to almost pre-war borders. With Lincoln defeat to a candidate running on a platform of ending the war, a ceasefire and peace agreement would likely happen in early 1865. Any effective break in hostilities would mean a win for the South and possibly new chance of European support if the war continued. The South succeeded because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery which they perceived as being threatened by the Republican Party and the Lincoln administration.It was largely about slavery. If there is doubt, read this: â€Å"Our government is founded upon the supposition†¦ That the white man is not equal to the black man, that slavery is his natural and normal condition†¦ Our government is the first in the world to be founded upon this†¦ Fact† (approximate quote) –Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, 1861. Quoted in BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM by James M. McPherson. (By the way, Lincoln did not tax the South into seceding from the Union most of them seceded after his election but before he took the oath of office.Also, the North mostly fought for union, not against slavery)because they thought the new republican adminis tration was going to take steps to abolish slavery and they wanted to protect that institution. The Declaration of Independence did not proclaim the existence of one new nation but rather Of thirteen independent and sovereign states. If you look it up in the dictionary you will find that the word state is actually synonymous with country. When the Constitution was written each of these states acted in its own sovereign capacity to decide whether or not to join the union.None of them had to. Indeed, George Washington had already been sworn in as president and the first congress was already in session before Rhode Island decided to join. The Constitution specifically gives some powers to the federal government and explicitly reserves all other powers to the states. Based on all this it could reasonably be argued that the states still possessed the sovereign power to withdraw from a union they had entered voluntarily. The Southern states put his theory to the test by attempting to sece de.The political reason for their secession was to protect the institution of slavery which they saw as threatened by the new Republican party. New Englanders had contemplated secession at the Hartford Convention. While it was obviously the position of the Union that the Union could not legally be dissolved, its fair to say that the South had at least some basis to say that they could leave the Union. The concept of a ‘state' was much more important in the 1 8th and 19th Centuries-The government wanted the southern states to give up their slaves. During the civil war slaves played an important role in the victory of Union.There were three types of slaves amongst them were the House workers who were treated as shadows. This lead to intelligence leak to the north since the owners spoke important information in front of the slaves. This was a vital role in the victory of North. During the Civil war another reason for the loss of South was their own faults. First of all as they en tered Pennsylvania the confederates terrorized and stole goods from the local people. Secondly there army was pretty much spread out in Gettysburg, and the union troops ere on high grounds.

Expository Essay

Expository Essay Some memories are joyful, while others are quite sad, and then the bittersweet moments are a combination of both. These bittersweet memories are often memorable and one that stays fresh in my mind is the coming and going of my Golden Retriever puppy, Chance. I was overjoyed when we first got him and couldn’t have been happier but his death was unpleasant and left me with a bad taste in my mouth for weeks to come. This whole experience taught how to appreciate what I have because you don’t know what you got till it’s gone.One of the most memorable and impactful memories of my life happened when I was just six years old. It was a chilly day in mid January as I cheerfully scampered off the school bus to dash inside and be greeted by a mug of hot chocolate and warm cookies. I was clumsily toying around with Legos while waiting in anticipation for my dad to get home. The moment I saw my dad walk through the door I darted down the stairs and was shocke d to see him holding a large, mysterious cardboard box.He informed me that contained inside were loads of cupcakes he had gotten from work, but to my surprise when I looked inside I saw a tiny little puppy bundled up in blanket sleeping on the base of the box. I was thrilled at first but soon after my hopes were crushed when I realized this little dog had fatal cancer and only had a short month to live. Due to his horrible condition we named him Chance for his perseverance to survive such a sickly Herring 2 disease. My roller coaster experience with him helped to mold me into the person that I am today.This memory is so important to me because Chance was the first pet I had ever had the opportunity to call my own and I had also desired to own a puppy ever since I was a baby. Over a short time Chance and I had developed a strong bond from racing around the house and bounding around in the fresh snow. This connection we shared showed me how important companions were and how much I enj oyed having them around me. After a few weeks of living with him he began to show signs of weakness. He would sometimes stumble while walking and even vomit after eating a meal.I was feeling miserable to see him experiencing this pain so our family had to make a decision. We came to a general consensus that it was time to put him down. After a lot of shed tears and heartache I began to understand the situation in a different light. I had begun to realize life ends and living things don’t last forever. I really appreciated chance for what he was and dearly missed him. The great memories with Chance still remained and helped me to cherish his existence even more. Overall this memory taught me how to enjoy what I have and be grateful because I may blink and not see it ever again. Expository Essay

Assignment 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

01 - Assignment Example If teachers lack protection and hence start being fired regularly, the students’ learning process will be disrupted. They will take time adopting and warming up to a new teacher. They will also be insecure to get close to the teachers in case they are fired and this will affect their psychological well-being. The judge let emotions take the center stage in the ruling and not fully acted on the evidence presented. I do not refute that some of the teachers are ineffective but ruling based on only 1-3% of the teachers is seemingly unfair and unjust to the teachers themselves bearing in mind over 90% of them are effective ones (Blume and Ceasar, 2014). The judge should have been more objective in his ruling. A child’s right to education is important but so is the child’s right to happiness and peace of mind which will not be the case if the teachers are constantly being fired hence disrupting the education of the students. Innocent teachers will be negatively affected by the end of the tenure and they are the majority ones. The ruling should have ensured a middle ground to accord the good teachers’ appreciation. A child’s life is not dependent 100% on school life and hence the private life at home and with friends may also contribute to his or her performance. By having the teachers take all the blame for the failure of the students is an ignorance of the other life outside school children have. Whether a teacher can be fired or not is not directly related to a child’s life outside of school. The court failed to consider this side of the argument. I think that after the courts and educators who supported the court’s ruling finally realize that the teacher’s tenure did not have everything to do with the learning and performance outcome of students; they will finally revisit this case and ruling and realize the

International Finacial Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Finacial Analysis - Case Study Example The accounting and financial reporting standards in the United Kingdom are the responsibility of Financial Reporting Council (FRC). It is an independent professional entity consisting of three auxiliaries viz. the Accounting Standards Board (ASB), the Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF), and the Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP). In the year 2000, the European Commission advised all the European Union listed companies to prepare their financial statements in full compliance with the IFRS for the financial years starting on or after January 2005, so as to enhance the comparability and transparency of financial statements (European Commission, 2000). Ever since then, all the companies in UK are required to prepare the financial statements under the standards issued by International Accounting Standards Board. In the United States, the accounting standards are issued mainly by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). These standards are known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles on the basis of which, companies in United States are required to prepare the financial statements (Nobes et al., 1997). ... These rules are produced both by the SEC itself and through SEC oversight of private standards-setting bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Emerging Issues Task Force". There happens to be considerable divergence between the US GAAP and International Accounting Standards, however FASB and IASB are collaborating to minimise the discrepancies (Malthus, 2004). The FASB has been continuously working for the improvements in the accounting standards prevalent in the United States. This importance to disclosure and transparency of information has helped on the way of harmonising the US GAAP with the IFRS. In the year 2002, it provided its support to IASB and both the boards signed an agreement to act united in the pursuit of harmonisation of accounting standards and thus the FASB has taken a leadership role second to IASB in the internationalisation of financial reporting standards (Halliday, 2003). Classification Of Accounting Systems Both these countries i.e., the United Kingdom and the United States belong to the Anglo-American model as proposed by Nobes and Parker (1998; 2000) (Wolk et al., 2001). The standards issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) also come into the category of Anglo-American model. The six important factors of international differences with respect to accounting practices as proposed by Nobes and Parker (1998; 2000), both the countries have legal system based on common law, UK and US have strong equity system with greater shareholder influence, greater significance of stock exchange, both the countries have staunch power of accounting profession (Wolk et al., 2001) and both the countries demand

Supervisory management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supervisory management - Coursework Example 2. The main ways of non-verbal means of communication are as follows: keeping a certain personal space, looking into a person or object, mimics and poses, vocal attributes of the voice (tone, pitch), and speech tempo. The ways nonverbal signals influence supervisory communication are therefore: contributing to verbal messages making the speech more expressive; helping to understand feelings and thoughts of interlocutor by building rapport; their use instead of verbal messages (sometimes it is enough to use a gesture of a exclamation); regulating interaction between people in the process of communication, including subordination. In the process of nonverbal communication, it is quite easy to get comprehensive information about the personality of the communicator (his or her temperament, emotional state, image of â€Å"self† and self-esteem, personal traits) and about the attitude of the interlocutors towards each other and towards the situation itself. Among the effective nonverbal communication techniques there are the techniques of establishing contact, rapport, and evoking trust. There are also some techniques that can effectively influence the state of an interlocutor: increasing his or her interest, decreasing the level of aggression, etc. An efficient communicator should possess the skills of calibration of the state and reactions of people – which allows to determine an interlocutor’s true intentions, reasons for behaviour, thoughts, etc. Sending the right signals in the process of communication is also extremely important as this â€Å"meta-message† gives the interlocutor all information about the attitude to the subject of conversation on the subconscious level. 3. The key rule of corporate communications is their relevance to corporate strategy that will eventually determine the goals and content of messages. The three major spheres where communications

CaseStudy Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CaseStudy Paper - Case Study Example Effective supply chain management strategies are essential for providing any organization a competitive edge over its peers. Excellence in the supply chain can be achieved if the organizational leaders attend to the particular details in the market infrastructure that make their organization more efficient and the transactions in the market fluid effective. Taking into account the complexity of supply chains more so those with global and regional scope, one must recognize that the magnitude of complexity in the task is immense (Jacobs and Chase & Chase, 2011). Therefore, it takes highly qualified and experienced managers to identify the correct issues to be prioritized and addressed as well as mark out new strategies and opportunities. In the long term, effective supply chain management is bound to deliver considerable benefits to any firm that recognizes and respects its necessity. To extrapolate on the importance of effective supply chain management this paper will dwell on several case studies in different industries where supply chains have been successfully or otherwise managed. The fashion industry is one where competition is ubiquitous despite the fact that most of the customers have very unique needs. However, given the low entry barriers, the stiffness in competition is understandable since many of the new entrants will offer customers and specialized products for customers forcing the firms already in the market to be constantly on their toes (Masson, MacKerron & Fernie, 2007). In this section, Zara, Adidas HM and Luis Vuitton and other firms are examined in respect to their specific supply chain management strategies. H&M has listed among its objective the intentions to be the price leader in the fashion industry, to this end they have restricted their supply chain such that it primarily targets the street trends which

Land Right Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land Right Issues - Essay Example The most interesting interpretation of this right of return is that the Israeli Jews are to be blamed for the present predicament of all Palestinian diaspora as a result of the establishment of Israeli State and Zionism (Beinin and Rebbecca 68). Under such an interpretation, liability for the Palestinian quandary can only be correctly carried out by allowing all the Palestinians in the diaspora to return to their original homeland and evicting all the Jews who live in such areas, more so those who gained these lands as a result of Zionism. An antithesis to such an interpretation of Jewish accountability for the predicament of the Palestinians is the total denial of any such forms of responsibility as well as the complete rejection of the return of the Palestinians. These are the two key positions of the dilemma, between which several intermediate possibilities lie. A central intermediate position tends to agree with the reasoning that all or part of the Palestinian diaspora should go to Israel within the scope of the Palestine pre-1967 borders. The Israelis are against this position, though they see it is a worthy step toward reconciling them with Palestinians. In this case, the issue of distributive justice is evidently in play. This concerns what some people believe to be socially correct with regard to resources allocation in a given society. In the book A Theory of Justice, John Rawls makes efforts of solving the dilemma of distributive justice by using an alternative of the much familiar social contract device.

Komodo dragons and their behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Komodo dragons and their behaviour - Essay Example Reptiles, belong to the class referred to as Reptilia, can be described as the evolutionary grade of those animals that comprise today’s snakes, tuatara, lizards, and crocodilians among others. It examines the life of their extinct relatives as well as the long-gone ancestors of the present-day mammals. Because of their diversity and evolutionary history, it is important to realize that the level of validity in this class has not been supported universally in various scientific circles. However, the practice has remained to be used by many laymen and biologists especially those in the media. Herpetology is the kind of study that specializes in reptiles, examining their history and evolutionary trends. It also examines the life of amphibians with the same motive as that highlighted above, for reptiles (Ariefiandy et al.67). Some of the earliest known reptiles originate from around 315M years. This happened, especially in the Carboniferous times. Some of the early examples of amphibians include Westlothiana and Hylonomus, Casineria, which according to history may be some of the only known land-dwelling amphibians (Ariefiandy et al. 70). Besides existing amphibians, many diverse groups have now become extinct due to many reasons including mass extinctions. However, the point of interest is to understand how the present day reptiles behave in their natural habitats, something that can help in the development of effective management and conservation approaches and strategies.